The Content of Essential and Toxic Metals in the Hair of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Hair samples from children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Bosnia and Herzegovina showed altered metal profiles compared to controls. Toxic metal concentrations (Co, Ni, Cd, Pb) were elevated in boys relative to girls. Lead levels exceeded controls across all age groups, with pronounced differences in the youngest cohort (6.64 vs. 1.89 mg/kg). Strong lead-cadmium correlation (0.93) was documented, highlighting heavy metals' potential environmental role in ASD etiology.